Nursing theories
open access articles on Nursing theories and models
Application of Roy's Adaptation Model (RAM)
INTRODUCTION
- Roy's Adaptation Model (RAM) was developed by Sr.Callista Roy.
- RAM is one of the widely applied nursing models in nursing practice, education and research.
- Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformation
- Nursing goals are to promote adaptation for individuals and groups in the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity.
- This is done by assessing behavior and factors that influence adaptive abilities and by intervening to expand those abilities and to enhance environmental interactions.
- Mr.NR who was suffering with diabetes mellitus for past 10 years. He developed a diabetic foot ulcer and had to undergo amputation. He was admitted in __ Hospital. Mr. NR was selected for application of RAM in providing nursing care.
NURSING PROCESS
- According to RAM, nursing process is a problem solving approach for gathering data, identifying the capacities and needs of the human adaptive system, selecting and implementing approaches for nursing care, and evaluation the outcome of care provided.
Assessment of Behavior
- the first step of the nursing process which involves gathering data about the behavior of the person as an adaptive system in each of the adaptive modes.
Assessment of Stimuli
- the second step of the nursing process which involves the identification of internal and external stimuli that are influencing the person’s adaptive behaviors.
- Stimuli are classified as:
- Focal- those most immediately confronting the person,
- Contextual-all other stimuli present that are affecting the situation and
- Residual- those stimuli whose effect on the situation are unclear.
Nursing Diagnosis
- step three of the nursing process which involves the formulation of statements that interpret data about the adaptation status of the person, including the behavior and most relevant stimuli
Goal Setting
- the forth step of the nursing process which involves the establishment of clear statements of the behavioral outcomes for nursing care.
Intervention
- the fifth step of the nursing process which involves the determination of how best to assist the person in attaining the established goals
Evaluation
- the sixth and final step of the nursing process which involves judging the effectiveness of the nursing intervention in relation to the behavior after the nursing intervention in comparison with the goal established.
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
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FIRST LEVEL ASSESSMENT
PHYSIOLOGIC-PHYSICAL MODE
Oxygenation
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Stable process of ventilation and stable process of gas exchange. RR= 18Bpm.
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Chest normal in shape. Chest expansion normal on either side.
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Apex beat felt on left 5th inter-costal space mid-clavicular line.
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Air entry equal bilaterally. No ronchi or crepitus. NVBS. S1& S2 heard.
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No abnormal heart sounds.
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Delayed capillary refill+. JVP0.
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Apex beat felt- normal rhythm, depth and rate.
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Dorsalis pedis pulsation of affected limp is not palpable.
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All other pulsations are normal in rate, depth, tension with regular rhythm.
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Cardiac dullness heard over 3rd ICS near to sternum to left 5ht ICS mid clavicular line.
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S1& S2 heard.
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No abnormal heart sounds. BP- Normotensive. .
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Peripheral pulses felt-Normal rate and rhythm, no clubbing or cyanosis.
Nutrition
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He is on diabetic diet (1500kcal). Non vegetarian.
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Recently his Weight reduced markedly (10 kg/ 6 month).
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He has stable digestive process.
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He has complaints of anorexia and not taking adequate food.
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No abdominal distension. Soft on palpation. No tenderness.
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No visible peristaltic movements.
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Bowel sounds heard.
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Percussion revealed dullness over hepatic area.
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Oral mucosa is normal. No difficulty to swallow food
Elimination:
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No signs of infections, no pain during micturation or defecation.
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Normal bladder pattern. Using urinal for micturation.
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Stool is hard and he complaints of constipation.
Activity and rest
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Taking adequate rest.
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Sleep pattern disturbed at night due unfamiliar surrounding.
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Not following any peculiar relaxation measure.
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Like movies and reading. No regular pattern of exercise.
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Walking from home to office during morning and evening.
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Now, activity reduced due to amputated wound. Mobility impaired.
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Walking with crutches.
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Pain from joints present. No paralysis.
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ROM is limited in the left leg due to wound.
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No contractures present. No swelling over the joints.
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Patient need assistance for doing the activities.
Protection
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Left lower fore foot is amputated.
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Black discoloration present over the area.
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No redness, discharge or other signs of infection.
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Nomothermic.
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Wound healing better now.
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Walking with the use of left leg is not possible.
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Using crutches.
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Pain form knee and hip joint present while walking.
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Dorsalis pedis pulsation, not present over the left leg. Right leg is normal in length and size.
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Several papules present over the foot.
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All peripheral pulses are present with normal rate, rhythm and depth over right leg.
Senses
- No pain sensation from the wound site. Relatively, reduced touch and pain sensation in the lower periphery; because of neuropathy. Using spectacle for reading. Gustatory, olfaction, and auditory senses are normal.
Fluids and electrolytes
- Drinks approximately 2000ml of water. Stable intake out put ratio. Serum electrolyte values are with in normal limit. No signs of acidosis or alkalosis. Blood glucose elevated.
Neurological function
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He is conscious and oriented.
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He is anxious about the disease condition.
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Like to go home as early as possible.
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Showing signs of stress.
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Touch and pain sensation decreased in lower extremity. Thinking and memory is intact.
Endocrine function
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He is on insulin. No signs and symptoms of endocrine disorders, except elevated blood sugar value. No enlarged glands.
SELF CONCEPT MODE
Physical self
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He is anxious about changes in body image, but accepting treatment and coping with the situation. He deprived of sexual activity after amputation.
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Belongs to a Nuclear family. 5 members. Stays along with wife and three children. Good relationship with the neighbours. Good interaction with the friends. Moderately active in local social activities
Personal self
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Self esteem disturbed because of financial burden and hospitalization. He believes in god and worshiping Hindu culture.
ROLE PERFORMANCE MODE
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He was the earning member in the family. His role shift is not compensated. His son doesn't’t have any work. His role clarity is not achieved.
INTERDEPENDENCE MODE
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He has good relationship with the neighbors. Good interaction with the friends relatives. But he believes, no one is capable of helping him at this moment. He says ”all are under financial constrains”. He was moderately active in local social activities
FOCAL STIMULUS
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Non-healing wound after amputation of great and second toe of left leg- 4 week. A wound first found on the junction between first and second toe-4 month back. The wound was non-healing and gradually increased in size with pus collected over the area.
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He first consulted in a local (---) hospital. From there, they referred to ---- medical college; where he was admitted for 1 month and 4 days. During hospital stay great and second toe amputated. But surgical wound turned to non- healing with pus and black colour. So the physician suggested for below knee amputation. That made them to come to ---Hospital, ---. He underwent a plastic surgery 3 week before.
CONTEXTUAL STIMULI
- Known case DM for past 10 years. Was on oral hypoglycemic agent for initial 2 years, but switched to insulin and using it for 8 years now. Not wearing foot wear in house and premises.
RESIDUAL STIMULI
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He had TB attack 10 year back, and took complete course of treatment. Previously, he admitted in ---Hospital for leg pain about 4 year back. . Mother’s brother had DM. Mother had history of PTB. He is a graduate in humanities, no special knowledge on health matters.
CONCLUSION
Mr.NR who was suffering with diabetes mellitus for past 10 years. Diabetic foot ulcer and recent amputation made his life more stressful. Nursing care of this patient based on Roy's adaptation model provided had a dramatic change in his condition. Wound started healing and he planned to discharge on 25th april. He studied how to use crutches and mobilized at least twice in a day. Patient’s anxiety reduced to a great extends by proper explanation and reassurance. He gained good knowledge on various aspect of diabetic foot ulcer for the future self care activities.
NURSING CARE PLAN
ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIOUR | ASSESSMENT OF STIMULI | NURSING DIAGNOSIS | GOAL | INTERVENTION | EVALUATION |
Ineffective protection and sense in physical-physiological mode (No pain sensation from the wound site.)
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Focal
stimuli:
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1. Impaired skin integrity related to fragility of the skin secondary to vascular insufficiency
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Long-term objective: |
- Maintain the wound area
clean as contamination affects the healing process. |
Short term goal: Long term goal: |
Impaired activity in physical-physiological mode |
Focal stimuli: |
2. Impaired physical mobility related to amputation of the left forefoot and presence of unhealed wound |
Long term Objective: Patient will attain maximum possible
physical mobility with in 6 months. i. Correct use of crutches with
in 22/4/08 iii. He will be self motivated in activities- 20/4/08. |
- Assess the level of
restriction of movement |
Short term goal: Long term goal: |
Alteration in Physical self in Self-concept mode (He is anxious about changes in body image) Change in Role performance mode. (He was the earning member in the family. His role shift is not compensate)
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Contextual stimuli: Residual stimuli: no special knowledge in health matters |
3. Anxiety related to hospital admission and unknown Outcome of the disease and financial constrains. |
Long term Objective: Short term objective: |
- Allow and
encourage the client and family to ask questions.
Bring up common concerns. |
Short term goal: Long term goal: |
------ |
Contextual stimuli: Residual stimuli: no special knowledge in health matters |
4. deficient knowledge regarding the foot care, wound care, diabetic diet, and need of follow up care. |
Long term Objective: |
- Explain the
treatment measures to the patient and their benefits
in a simple understandable language. Clear the doubts of the patient as
the patient may present with some matters of
importance. |
Short term goal: Unmet: Demonstration of wound care. Long term goal: |
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