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MARTHA ROGER’S SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
This page was last updated on
16-03-09
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Introduction
Diploma :Knoxville General Hospital School of
Nursing(1936)
Graduation in Public Health Nursing, George
Peabody College, TN, 1937
MA :Teachers college, Columbia university,
New York, 1945
MPH :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
1952
Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, 1954
Fellowship: American academy of nursing
Position: Professor Emerita, Division of
Nursing, New York University, Consultant, Speaker
Died : March 13 , 1994
Publications of Martha Rogers
Theoretical basis of nursing (Rogers 1970)
Nursing science and art :a prospective
(Rogers 1988)
Nursing :science of unitary, irreducible,
human beings update (Rogers 1990)
Vision of space based nursing (Rogers
1990)
Rogers nursing theory
Nursing is both a science and art. the
uniqueness of nursing, like that of any other
science, lies in the phenomenon central to its
focus.
Nurses long established concern with the
people and the world they live is in a natural
forerunner of an organized abstract system
encompassing people and the environments.
The irreducible nature of individuals is
different from the sum of the parts.
The integral ness of people and the
environment that coordinate with a
multidimensional universe of open systems points
to a new paradigm :the identity of nursing as a
science.
The purpose of nurses is to promote health
and well-being for all persons wherever they
are.
Evolution of abstract system
The development of the abstract system was
strongly influenced by an early grounding in
arts and background of science and her keen
interest in space
The science of unitary human beings
originated as a synthesis of facts and ideas
from multiple sources of knowledge
The uniqueness is in the central phenomena :
people and environment
The Rogerian view of a
causality emerges from
an infinite universe of open system
Overview of Rogerian model
Rogers model provides the way of viewing the
unitary human being
Humans are viewed as integral with the
universe
The unitary human being and the environment
are one ,not dichotomous
Nursing focus on people and the
manifestations that emerge from the mutual human
/environmental field process
Change of pattern and organization of the
human field and the environmental field is
propagated by waves
The manifestations of the field patterning
that emerge are observable events
The identification of the pattern provide
knowledge and understanding of human experience
Basic characteristics which describes the
life process of human :energy field, openness,
pattern, and pan dimensionality
Basic concepts include unitary human being
,environment, and homeodynamic principles
Concepts of Rogers model
The energy field is the fundamental unit of
both the living and nonliving
This energy field "provide a way to perceive
people and environment as irreducible wholes"
The energy fields continuously varies in
intensity, density, and extent
Openness
The human field and the environmental field
are constantly exchanging their energy
There are no boundaries or barrier that
inhibit energy flow between fields
Pattern
Pattern is defined as the distinguishing
characteristic of an energy field perceived as a
single waves
"pattern is an abstraction and it gives
identity to the field"
Pan dimensionality
Pan dimensionality is defined as "non linear
domain without spatial or temporal attributes"
The parameters that human use in language to
describe events are arbitrary.
The present is relative ;there is no temporal
ordering of lives.
Unitary Human Being (person)
A unitary human being is an "irreducible,
indivisible, pan dimensional (four-dimensional) energy
field identified by pattern and manifesting
characteristics that are specific to the whole
and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of
the parts" and "a unified whole having its own
distinctive characteristics which cannot be
perceived by looking at , describing, or
summarizing the parts"
The people has the capacity to participate
knowingly and probabilistically in the process
of change
Environment
The environment is an "irreducible ,pan
dimensional energy field identified by pattern
and integral with the human field"
The field coexist and are integral.
Manifestation emerge from this field and are
perceived.
Health
-
Rogers defined health as an expression of the
life process; they are the "characteristics and
behavior emerging out of the mutual,
simultaneous interaction of the human and
environmental fields"
-
Health and illness are the part of the sane
continuum.
-
The multiple events taking place along life's
axis denote the extent to which man is achieving
his maximum health potential and very in their
expressions from greatest health to those
conditions which are incompatible with the
maintaining life process
An organized body of knowledge which is
specific to nursing is arrived at by
scientific research and logical analysis
Art of nursing practice
The creative use of science for the
betterment of the human
The creative use of its knowledge is the
art of its practice
Assumptions about people and nursing
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Nursing exists to serve people………..it is the
direct and overriding responsibility to the
society
-
The safe practice of nursing depends on the
nature and amount of scientific nursing
knowledge the individual brings to
practice…….the imaginative, intellectual judgment
with which such knowledge is made in service to
the man kind
-
People needs knowledgeable nursing
Homeodynamic principles
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The principles of homeodynamic postulates the
way of perceiving unitary human beings
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The fundamental unit of the living system is
an energy field
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Three principle of homeodynamic
Resonancy
Helicy
integrality
Resonance
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Resonance is an ordered arrangement of rhythm
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characterizing both human field and
environmental
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field that undergoes continuous dynamic
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metamorphosis in the human environmental
process
Helicy
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Helicy describes the unpredictable, but
continuous, nonlinear evolution of energy fields
as evidenced by non repeating rhythmicties
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The principle of Helicy postulates an
ordering of the humans evolutionary emergence
Integrality
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Integrality cover the mutual, continuous
relationship of the human energy field and the
environmental field .
-
Changes occur by by the continuous
repatterning of the human and environmental
fields by resonance waves
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The fields are one and integrated but unique
to each other
Rogerian theories
Rogerian theories-Grand theories
The theory of accelerating evolution
The theory of paranormal phenomena
The theory of rhythmicities
Theory of paranormal phenomena
-
This theory focus on the explanations for
precognition, déjàvu, clairvoyance, telepathy,
and therapeutic touch
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Clairvoyance is rational in a four
dimensional human field in continuous mutual,
simultaneous interaction with a four dimensional
world; there is no linear time nor any separation
of human and the environmental fields
The theory of accelerating evolution
Theory of Rhythmicity
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Focus on the human field rhythms
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(these rhythms are different from the
biological ,psychological rhythm)
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Theory deals with the manifestations of the
whole unitary man as changes in human sleep wake
patterns, indices of human field motion,
perception of time passing, and other rhythmic
development
Theories derived from the science of unitary
human beings
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The perspective rhythm model (Patrick 1983)
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Theory of health as expanding
consciousness (Neumann, 1986)
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Theory of creativity, actualization and
empathy (Alligood 1991)
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Theory of self transcendence (Reed1997)
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Power as knowing participation in
change (Barrett 1998)
Rogers concepts of nursing
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Nursing is a learned profession-it is a
science and art
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Nursing is the study of unitary. Irreducible,
indivisible human and environmental energy
fields
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The art of nursing involves the imaginative
and creative use of nursing knowledge
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The purpose of nurses is to promote health
and well-being for all person and groups
wherever they are using the art and science of
nursing
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The health services should be community based
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Rogers challenges nurses to consider nursing
needs of all people ,including future generation
of space kind ;as life continuous to evolve from
earth to space and beyond.
-
Her view provides a different world view that
encompasses a practice of nursing for the
present time and for the imagined and for the
yet to be imagined future
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Rogers envisions a nursing practice of
noninvasive modalities, such as therapeutic
touch, humor, guided imagery, use of color,
light, music, meditation focusing on health
potential of the person.
-
Professional practice in nursing seeks to
promote symphonic interaction between man and
environment, to strengthen the coherence and
integrity of the human field, and to direct and
redirect patterning of the human and
environmental fields for realization of maximum
health potential
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Nursing intervention seeks to coordinate
environmental field and human field
rhythmicities, participates in the process of
change , to help people move toward better
health
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Nursing aims to assist people in achieving
their maximum potential.
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Nursing practice should be emphasized on pain
management, supportive psychotherapy motivation
for rehabilitation.
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Maintenance and promotion of health,
prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis,
intervention, and rehabilitation encompasses the
scope of nursing
Roger’s contribution to nursing knowledge
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Rogers was one of the first nurse scholars to
explicitly identify the person (unitary man) as
the central phenomena of nursing concern
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Nursing abstract system is a matrix of
concepts relevant to the life process in man
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Rogers conceptual system provides a body of
knowledge in nursing that will have relevance
for all workers concerned with people, but with
special relevance for nurses; because it matters
to human beings; consequently to nurses
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In the evolution it is properly subjected to
reformulation and change as the knowledge
grows, the the conceptual data will be more
clearer and it will take new dimensions
-
The utilization of Rogerian model is used as
a guide for theory development, research, nursing
education, and in the direct patient care
practice
Rules for nursing research guided by the
Rogerian theory
Rules for research
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The
Rogerian research require both basic and
applied research
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The phenomena to be studied are unitary human
beings and their environmental interaction
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Study participants may be any person or
group, with the provision that both person and
environment are taken into account
Research methodology
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Qualitative and quantitative methods can be
applied
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Experimental researches are questionable
because she rejects the notion of causality
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Case study and longitudinal research are
better than cross sectional study
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Research instruments that are directly
derived from science of unitary human beings
should be used
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Data analysis – multivariate
analysis (canonical correlation studies)
Research tools derived from science of unitary
human beings
Perceived field motion scale
Human field rhythm scale
Temporal experience scale
Assessment of dream experience scale
Person environment participation scale
Leddy healthiness scale
Mutual exploration of the healing
human-environment field scale
Garon assessment of pain scale
Family assessment tool
Community health assessment tool
Rules for nursing education guided by Rogerian
theory
Nursing education can be for professional
nursing , technical nursing
The focus is the transmission of the body
of knowledge
Teaching and practicing therapeutic touch
Conducting regular in-service education
Nursing programs
Baccalaureate degree program
Masters program
Doctoral program
The major concepts are – principal of
Resonancy, Helicy, Integrality
The faculty in the nursing education must
be prepared at doctoral level
Teaching- learning strategies
Emphasis should be on developing self
awareness as an aspect of the clients
environmental energy field and the dynamic
role of nurse pattern manifestation on the
client
Emphasis on laboratory study- the lab
setting include homes, schools, industry,
clinics, hospitals, other places where
people lives
Importance of use of media in education
Rules for nursing administration guided by
Rogerian theory
Purpose of nursing services
Nursing services is the center of any
health care system
The purpose of nursing services is health
promotion
Characteristics of nursing personnel
The administrators should hold higher
degrees in nursing and licensed
Leaders must be visionary and willing to
embrace innovative and creative change
Leaders should be able to identify the
patterning to ensure the integrated
behaviors for client and employees
Management strategies and administrative
policies
Administrative policies foster an open
and supportive administrative climate that
enhances staff members self esteem ,
actualization, and freedom of choice and
provide opportunity for staff development
and continuing education
The ultimate goal is the clients
well-being
Rules for independent practitioner guided by
Rogerian model
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Nursing is an independent science
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Nurse assumes the role of potentiater of care
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She proposes the independent role in various
setting like school, industry,
community, space (by 2050AD)
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Independent
practitioner is an advanced practice
registered registered
nurse who focus on well-being or mutual
patterning of individual, family, community
across the life span ,at risk for developing dissonance/illness
Rules for nursing practice guided by
Rogerian
theory
Areas of
Rogerian model application
SETTINGS
All spheres of life
School
Industry
Family
Community
Space
SPECIALITIES
Pediatrics
Psychiatry
Oncology
Burns
Geriatrics
Neurology
Cardiology
Rehabilitative medicine
SPECIALIZED AREAS OF PRACTICE
Purpose of nursing practice
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To promote well-being for all persons,
wherever they are
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To assist both the client and nurse to
increase their awareness of their own rhythm
Setting for practice
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From community to hospital to outer space
Legitimate participants
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People of all ages both as individual
human energy fields and group energy fields
Nursing process- Health patterning
practice method
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Assessment
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Voluntary mutual patterning
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Evaluation
For the nurse
Pattern appraisal
Mutual patterning of human and
environmental fields
Evaluation
For the patient
Self reflection
Patterning activities
Personal appraisal
Nursing process
Assessment
Areas of assessment
Simultaneous states of the individual and
the environment
Total pattern of events at any given
point in space –time
Rhythms of life process
Supplementary data
Categorical disease entities
Subsystem pathology
Pattern appraisal
It is a comprehensive assessment of:
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Human field patterns of communication,
exchange, rhythms, dissonance
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Environmental fields pattern of
communication, rhythms, dissonance, harmony
Intuitive reflection of self
Validation of the appraisal
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Validate with self
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Validate with the client
Mutual patterning of human and
environmental field
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Sharing knowledge
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Offering choices
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Empowering the client
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Fostering patterning
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Nutrition
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Work/leisure activities
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Exercise
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Sleep / wake cycles
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Relationships
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Discomfort or pain
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Fear /hopes
Patterning activities for the client
Meditation
Imagery
Journaling
Modifying the surroundings
Clinical case study of Radha using Rogerian
conceptual Model
Radha is a 22years old female admitted in a
psychiatry unit with severe depression secondary
to diagnosis of ovarian malignancy
She becomes tearful during history taking
Radha is accompanied with her husband and
1year old child
Her husband appeared anxious but supportive
and attentive …………he is working as an accountant
in their native place
Radha was diagnosed with ovarian cancer 2
months back and underwent bilateral salphingio
oopherectomy and hysterectomy………30days ago
She is undergoing chemotherapy due to its
Metastatic pattern…….
From past 3 weeks Radha started sitting
lonely, decreased ADL, repeated crying
spells, decreased talks, neglects hygiene,
muttering to self, decreased sleep , appetite,
neglecting her child care, complaints of severe
pain in the body,………….3 days back attempted
suicide by consuming rat poison.
Current assessment findings …….her general
appearance is a teary eyed young woman ,ill-kempt, clinging
to her husband ,looking perplexed, not
talking…..poor nutritional intake, when asked
about her illness….cries inconsolably …on
repeated asking expressed sadness of mood
Nursing care of Radha with Rogers model
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With rogerian model, the process of caring
Radha begins with pattern appraisal
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Nursing care involve pattern appraisal,
mutual patterning, and evaluation
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This visible rhythmical pattern is a
manifestation of evolution towards dissonance
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Radha has pattern manifestation of
dissonance……..depression with suicidal ideation,
ovarian malignancy, pain
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Radha has a low educational background
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A pattern activity of healing is noted
through reports of a positive operative course
Patterning has to be directed towards
reduction in perceived dissonance with her
personal and environmental field
Pain is a manifestation of perceived
dissonance
Decreased environmental energy transfer is
visible by decreased talking and crying
Radha has manifestation of fear…….her self
knowledge links her illness to her personal
belief of being punished for her past sins
Appraisal is needed in her sleep patterns,
nutrition and her perception of self
Appraisal can be grouped into exchanging
patterns, communication patterns, and relating
patterns
Time between nurse and Radha is needed to
foster her healing
During the process nurse must rely on
personal intuition and insight regarding the
emerging pattern
All this pattern forms the unitary pattern of
Radha
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The process is mutual between the nurse and
Radha
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The surgery performed, medication she is
receiving are patterning modalities
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Patterning activities planned by the nurse
for Radha ……..therapeutic touch, humor ,
meditation, imagery
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Radha needs to be assessed fully regarding
her ability to understand and agree with
different patterning modalities
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Therapeutic touch can be introduced to Radha
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Touch is introduced and incorporated into the
management of pain, helps in energy transmission
for healing and …….helps in developing trust in
the nurse
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Teach her how to center the energy and
channel her energy to the area of pain
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Use humor for increasing socialization and
developing self confidence and developing
worthiness
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Human environmental patterning needs to
involve the other individual who share her
environment including husband and son
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Options are introduced relating to increase
communication and hygiene patterns
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The entire family is involved in power as
knowing participation in change
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The evaluation process centers on the
perceptions of dissonance that exist after the
mutual pattern activities
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The appraisal process is repeated
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Manifestation of worry, pain, fear, sadness of
moos has to be appraised with family members
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A summary of the dissonance and/or harmony
that is perceived is then shared with Radha, and
mutual patterning is modified or instituted ad
indicated based on the evaluation
Summary
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Biographical sketch of Martha Rogers
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Overview of
Rogerian concepts
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Rogerian terminologies
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Rogerian theories
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Nursing concepts, nursing process
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Perspectives of nursing
education, administration, nursing practice
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Contribution to nursing knowledge
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Clinical example
References
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George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for
professional Nursing Practice , 3rd ed.
Norwalk, Appleton & Lange.
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Wills M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical
Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott
Williams& wilkins.
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Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing :
Development & Progress 3rd ed.
Philadelphia, Lippincott.
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Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science
Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia,
Lippincott.
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Potter A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992)
Fundamentals Of Nursing –Concepts Process &
Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby Year Book.
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