Nursing Theorists
Definitions
Theory- a set of related
statements that describes or explains phenomena in
a systematic way
Concept-a mental idea of a
phenomenon
Construct- a phenomena that
cannot be observed and must be inferred
Proposition- a statement of relationship
between concepts
Conceptual model- made up of concepts and
propositions
Nursing Theorists
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Florence
Nightingale,
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Hildegard
Peplau
-
Virginia Henderson
Fay Abdella
Ida Jean Orlando
Dorothy Johnson
Martha Rogers
Dorothea Orem
Imogene King
Betty Neuman
Sister Calista Roy,
Jean Watson
Rosemary Rizzo Parse
Madeleine Leininger
Patricia Benner
Concepts in the nursing
Metaparadigm
-
Recipient of care, including
physical, spiritual, psychological, and
sociocultural components
Florence Nightingale-
Environmental Theory
-
First nursing theorist
-
Unsanitary conditions posed
health hazard (Notes on Nursing, 1859)
5 components of environment
ventilation, light, warmth,
effluvia, noise
External influences can prevent,
suppress or contribute to disease or death
Nightingale’s Concepts
Environment
Health
Nursing
-
Provided fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, good
diet, quiet to facilitate person’s reparative
process
Hildegard Peplau
-Interpersonal
Relations Model
using an understanding of one’s own behavior
to help others identify their difficulties
Applies principles of human relations
Patient has a felt need
Peplau’s Concepts
-
Person
-
Environment- Not defined
-
Health
-
Implies forward movement of the personality
and human processes toward creative,
constructive, productive, personal, and
community living
Nursing
Virginia Henderson
-The Nature of Nursing
"The unique function of the nurse is to assist
the individual, sick or well, in the performance
of those activities contributing to health or its
recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength,
will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him
gain independence as rapidly as possible. She must
in a sense, get inside the skin of each of her
patients in order to know what he needs".
Fay Abdella- Topology of 21 Nursing Problems
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A list of 21 nursing problems
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Condition presented or faced by the patient
or family.
-
Problems are in 3 categories
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physical, social and emotional
The nurse must be a good problem solver
Abdella’s Concepts
-
Nursing
-
A helping profession
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A comprehensive service to meet patient’s
needs
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Increases or restores self-help ability
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Uses 21 problems to guide nursing care
-
Health
Person
-
One who has physical, emotional, or social
needs
-
The recipient of nursing care.
Environment
Ida Jean Orlando-
Deliberative Nursing Process
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The deliberative nursing process is set in
motion by the patient’s behavior
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All behavior may represent a cry for help.
Patient’s behavior can be verbal or non-verbal.
-
The nurse reacts to patient’s behavior and
forms basis for determining nurse’s acts.
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Perception, thought, feeling
-
Nurses’ actions should be deliberative, rather
than automatic
-
Deliberative actions explore the meaning and
relevance of an action.
Dorothy Johnson-Behavioral Systems Model
-
The person is a behavioral system comprised of
a set of organized, interactive, interdependent,
and integrated subsystems
Constancy is maintained through biological,
psychological, and sociological factors.
A steady state is maintained through adjusting
and adapting to internal and external forces.
Johnson’s 7 Subsystems
Dependency
Ingestive
Eliminative
Sexual
Aggressive
Achievement
Johnson’s Concepts
Environment
Health
Nursing
Martha Rogers
-Unitary Human Beings
-
Energy fields
-
Fundamental unity of things that are unique,
dynamic, open, and infinite
-
Unitary man and environmental field
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Universe of open systems
Pattern
Pandimensionality
Roger’s Definitions
Resonancy
Helicy
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Continuous, probabilistic, increasing
diversity of the human and envrionmental fields.
-
Characterized by nonrepeating rhymicities
-
Change
Dorothea Orem-
Self-Care Model
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Self-care comprises those activities performed
independently by an individual to promote and
maintain person well-being
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Self care agency is the individual’s ability to
perform self care activities
-
Self- care deficit occurs when the person
cannot carry out self-care
-
The nurse then meets the self-care needs by
acting or doing for; guiding, teaching, supporting
or providing the environment to promote patient’s
ability
-
Wholly compensatory nursing system-Patient dependent
-
Partially compensatory- Patient can meet some needs but needs nursing
assistance
-
Supportive educative-Patient can meet self care requisites, but
needs assistance with decision making or
knowledge
Imogene King-Goal Attainment Theory
Human beings are open systems in constant
interaction with the environment
Personal System
-
individual; perception, self, growth,
development, time space, body image
Interpersonal
Society
Personal System
-
Individual; perception, self, growth,
development, time space, body image
Interpersonal
Society
-
Family, religious groups, schools, work,
peers
The nurse and patient mutually communicate,
establish goals and take action to attain goals
Each individual brings a different set of
values, ideas, attitudes, perceptions to exchange
Betty Neuman
-
Health Care
Systems Model
-
The person is a complete system, with
interrelated parts
-
maintains balance and harmony between
internal and external environment by adjusting
to stress and defending against
tension-producing stimuli
-
Focuses on stress and stress reduction
-
Primarily concerned with effects of stress on
health
-
Stressors are any forces that alter the
system’s stability
-
Flexible lines of resistance
Surround basic core
Internal factors that help defend against
stressors
Normal adaptation state
Protective barrier, changing, affected by
variables
-
Wellness is equilibrium
-
Nursing interventions are activates to:
strengthen flexible lines of defense
strengthen resistance to stressors
maintain adaptation
Sister Calista Roy
-
Adaptation Model
Patiency- The person receiving care
Goal of nursing- Adapting to change
Health-Being and becoming a whole person
Environment
Direction of nursing activities- Facilitating
adaptation
-
The person is an open adaptive system with
input (stimuli), who adapts by processes or
control mechanisms (throughput)
-
The output can be either adaptive responses or
ineffective responses
Jean Watson
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Philosophy and Science of Caring
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Caring can be demonstrated and practiced
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Caring consists of carative factors
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Caring promotes growth
-
A caring environment accepts a person as he is
and looks to what the person may become
-
A caring environment offers development of
potential
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Caring promotes health better than curing
-
Caring is central to nursing
Watson’s 10 Carative Factors
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Forming humanistic-altruistic value system
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Instilling faith-hope
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Cultivating sensitivity to self and others
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Developing helping-trust relationship
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Promoting expression of feelings
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Using problem-solving for decision making
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Promoting teaching-learning
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Promoting supportive environment
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Assisting with gratification of human needs
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Allowing for existential-phenomenological
forces
Watson’s Concepts
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Person
-
Human being to be valued, cared for,
respected, nurtured, understood and assisted
-
Environment
Health
Nursing
Rosemary Parse
-
Human Becoming Theory
Totality Paradigm
Simultaneity Paradigm
Originally Man-Living-Health Theory
Parse’s Three Principles
Rhythmicity
Cotranscendence
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing
Madeleine Leininger
-
Culture Care Diversity and Universality
-
Based on transcultural nursing, whose goal is
to provide care congruent with cultural values,
beliefs, and practices
-
Sunrise model consists of 4 levels that provide
a base of knowledge for delivering cultural
congruent care
-
Modes of nursing action
-
Cultural care preservation
Cultural care accommodation
Cultural care re-patterning
Patricia Benner
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From Novice to Expert
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Novice
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Advanced beginner
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Competent
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Proficient
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Expert
Importance of Theoretical Frameworks
-
Foundation of any profession is the development
of a specialized body of knowledge. Theories
should be developed in nursing, not borrow
theories form other disciplines
-
Responsibility of nurses to know and understand
theorists
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Critically analyze theoretical frameworks
Reference
-
Alligood M.R, Tomey. A.M. Nursing theory
utilization and application. 2nd Ed. Mosby,
Philadelphia, 2002.
-
Tomey AM, Alligood. MR.
Nursing theorists and their work. (5th ed.).
Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002.
George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base
for professional Nursing Practice , 3rd
ed. Norwalk, Appleton and Lange.
Wills M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002).
Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia.
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