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Florence Nightingale’s Legacy of caring |
Focuses on nursing and the patient environment
relationship. |
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Ernestine Wiedenbach: The helping art of clinical
nursing |
Helping process meets needs through the art of
individualizing care. |
|
Nurses should identify patients ‘need-for –help’ by:
Observation
Understanding client behaviour
Identifying cause of discomfort
Determining if clients can resolve problems or have
a need for help |
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Virginia Henderson’s Definition of Nursing |
Patients require help towards achieving
independence. |
|
Derived a definition of nursing
Identified 14 basic human needs on which nursing
care is based. |
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Faye G.Abedellah’s Typology of twenty one Nursing
problems |
Patient’s problems determine nursing care |
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Lydia E. Hall :Care, Cure, Core model |
Nursing care is person directed towards self love. |
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Jean Watson’s Philosophy and Science of caring |
Caring is moral ideal: mind -body – soul engagement
with one and other.
Caring is a universal, social phenomenon that is
only effective when practiced interpersonally
considering humanistic aspects and caring. |
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Patricia Benner’s Primacy of caring
|
Caring is central to the essence of nursing. It
sets up what matters, enabling connection and
concern. It creates possibility for mutual
helpfulness.
Caring creates - possibilities of coping
possibilities for connecting with and concern for
others, possibilities for giving and receiving help
Described systematically five stages of skill
acquisition in nursing practice – novice, advanced
beginner, competent, proficient and expert. |
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Dorothea E. Orem’s Self care deficit theory in
nursing |
Self–care maintains wholeness.
Three Theories:
Theory of Self-Care
Theory of Self-Care Deficit
Theory of Nursing Systems
Wholly compensatory (doing for the patient)
Partly compensatory (helping the patient do for
himself or herself)
Supportive- educative (Helping patient to learn self
care and emphasizing on the importance of nurses’
role
|
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Myra Estrin Levine’s: The conservation model |
Holism is maintained by conserving integrity
Proposed that the nurses use the principles of
conservation of:
Client Energy
Personal integrity
Structural integrity
Social integrity
A
conceptual model with three nursing theories –
Conservation
Redundancy
Therapeutic intention |
|
Martha E.Roger’s: Science of unitary human beings |
Person environment are energy fields that evolve
negentropically
Martha proposed that nursing was a basic scientific
discipline
Nursing is using knowledge for human
betterment.
The unique focus of nursing is on the unitary or
irreducible human being and the environment (both
are energy fields) rather than health and illness |
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Dorothy E.Johnson’s Behavioural system model
|
Individuals maintain stability and balance through
adjustments and adaptation to the forces that
impinges them.
Individual as a behavioural system is composed of
seven subsystems.
Attachment, or the affiliative subsystems – is the
corner stone of social organisations.
Behavioural system also includes the subsystems of
dependency, achievement, aggressive, ingestive-eliminative
and
sexual.
Disturbances in these causes nursing problems. |
|
Sister Callista: Roy‘s Adaptation model |
Stimuli disrupt an adaptive system
The individual is a biopsychosocial adaptive system
within an environment.
The individual and the environment provide three
classes of stimuli-the focal, residual and
contextual.
Through two adaptive mechanisms, regulator and
cognator, an individual demonstrates adaptive
responses or ineffective responses requiring nursing
interventions |
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Betty Neuman’s : Health care systems model |
Reconstitution is a status of adaptation to
stressors
A
conceptual model with two theories “Optimal patient
stability and prevention as intervention”
Neuman’s model includes intrapersonal, interpersonal
and extrapersonal stressors.
Nursing is concerned with the whole person.
Nursing actions (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
levels of prevention) focuses on the variables
affecting the client’s response to stressors.
|
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Imogene King’s Goal attainment theory |
Transactions provide a frame of reference toward
goal setting.
A
conceptual model of nursing from which theory of
goal attainment is derived.
From her major concepts (interaction, perception,
communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and
development) derived goal attainment theory.
· Perceptions, Judgments and actions of the
patient and the nurse lead to reaction, interaction,
and transaction (Process of nursing). |
|
Nancy Roper, WW.Logan and A.J.Tierney A model for
nursing based on a model of living |
Individuality in living.
A
conceptual model of nursing from which theory of
goal attainment is derived.
Living is an amalgam of activities of living (ALs).
Most individuals experience significant life events
which can affect ALs causing actual and potential
problems.
This affects dependence – independence continuum
which is bi-directional.
Nursing helps to maintain the individuality of
person by preventing potential problems, solving
actual problems and helping to cope. |
|
Hildegard E. Peplau: Psychodynamic Nursing Theory |
Interpersonal process is maturing force for
personality.
Stressed the importance of nurses’ ability to
understand own behaviour to help others identify
perceived difficulties.
The four phases of nurse-patient relationships are:
1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitations
4. Resolution
The six nursing roles are:
1. Stranger
2. Resource person
3. Teacher
4. Leader
5. Surrogate
6. Counselor |
|
Ida Jean Orlando’s Nursing Process Theory |
Interpersonal process alleviates distress.
Nurses must stay connected to patients and assure
that patients get what they need, focused on
patient’s verbal and non verbal expressions of need
and nurse’s reactions to patient’s behaviour to
alleviate distress.
Elements of nursing situation:
1. Patient
2. Nurse reactions
3. Nursing actions |
|
Joyce Travelbee’s Human To Human Relationship Model |
Therapeutic human relationships.
Nursing is accomplished through human to human
relationships that began with: The original
encounter and then progressed through stages of
Emerging identities
Developing feelings of empathy and sympathy, until
the nurse and patient attained rapport in the final
stage. |
|
Kathryn E. Barnard’s Parent Child Interaction Model |
Growth and development of children and
mother–infant relationships
Individual characteristics of each member influence
the parent–infant system and adaptive behaviour
modifies those characteristics to meet the needs of
the system. |
|
Ramona T.Mercer’s :Maternal Role Attainment |
Parenting and maternal role attainment in diverse
populations
A
complex theory to explain the factors impacting the
development of maternal role over time.
|
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Katharine Kolcaba’s Theory of comfort |
Comfort is desirable holistic outcome of care.
Health care needs are needs for comfort, arising
from stressful health care situations that cannot be
met by recipients’ traditional support system.
These needs include physical, psycho spiritual,
social and environmental
needs.
Comfort measures include those nursing interventions
designed to address the specific comfort needs. |
|
Madeleine Leininger’s
Transcultural nursing, culture-care theory |
Caring is universal and varies transculturally.
Major concepts include care, caring, culture,
cultural values and cultural variations
Caring serves to ameliorate or improve human
conditions and life base.
Care is the essence and the dominant, distinctive
and unifying feature of nursing |
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Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s :Theory of human becoming |
Indivisible beings and environment co-create health.
A
theory of nursing derived from Roger’s conceptual
model.
Clients are open, mutual and in constant interaction
with environment.
The nurse assists the client in interaction with the
environment and co creating health |
|
Nola J.Pender’s :The Health promotion; model |
Promoting optimum health supersedes disease
prevention.
Identifies cognitive, perceptual factors in clients
which are modified by demographical and biological
characteristics, interpersonal influences,
situational and behavioural factors that help
predict in health promoting behaviour |
